AWWA ACE65252

The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative bromate control strategies,involving pre-oxidation (or addition) of chlorine dioxide, chlorine and then ammonia, ammoniathen chlorine, or ammonia alone before ozonation. A second objective was to balancethe formation of bromate with that of other regulated DBPs (i.e., chlorate, THMs). In order toreliably meet the bromate MCL of 10 g/L, the goal was 8 g/L. In addition, the 10-4 excesscancer risk level for bromate at 5 g/L represented an alternative bromate goal. In order to meetthe ACC, a goal of 32 g/L of THMs (40 g/L with a 20-percent safety factor) and 24 g/L ofHAA5 (30 g/L with a 20-percent safety factor) was established for the testing processes. Inorder to meet the California notification level for chlorate, a goal of 0.6 mg/L was set (i.e.,20-percent safety factor). Includes 4 references, figures.



Keywords: Bromate; Ammonia; Ozonation; Chlorine Dioxide; Chlorine; Disinfection Byproducts; California; State Regulations